Key themes of discussion included:

• The level of stability and security in a country or a border area is critically important for the overall success of border security and management policies.

• High-ranking officials in national agencies dealing with border security and management may not necessarily be as effective as presumed in inter-agency cooperation.

• Inter-agency coordination process in border security should be inclusive.

• Mandates and working methods of border security and management agencies need to be revised and up-dated in order to address new risks connected to terrorism.

• Border demarcation issues affect overall border security and management.

• Countries need to develop robust social and economic policies that integrate remote border communities into society, aiming to increase inclusiveness.

• Engagement with border communities is a key contributor to border security and management.

• The gap between de facto and officially registered refugees is a common challenge in the countries of the HOA region.

• The countries in the HOA region should be able to benefit from the international databases to enhance their border management.

• Improved capacities are crucial for a robust border security and management.